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碳酸岩与成矿的关系碳酸岩熔体具有必然的照顾铂族元素（PGE）的才能，可操纵PGE地球化学来切磋碳酸岩的源区特征和岩浆构成与演化过程。
国表里学者对碳酸岩和铂族元素地球化学均已做了大量研究工做并获得了许多重要的研究功效，但有关碳酸岩自己的PGE地球化学研究却鲜为人知。在所搜集的上千篇碳酸岩和PGE文献中，只要Когарко等（1994）操纵中子活化法阐发了两件俄罗斯西伯利亚Guli杂岩体中碳酸岩的PGE含量。其含量范畴 别离 为（10-9，下同）：Os ＜0.10～0.18、Ir 0.09～0.33、Ru 0.30～0.96、Pt ＜10.0～22.3，相对低于与之共生的碱性-超基性岩的PGE含量，但两类岩石的PGE配分形式类似。Когарко等（1994）认为岩浆分异是形成两类岩石PGE含量差别的次要原因。
本次工做操纵 ICP-MS 测定了冕宁稀土矿床碳酸岩7件样品的 PGE 含量，其含量（10-9）范畴 别离 为：Ir 0.50～0.78、Ru 1.61～6.75、Rh 0.08～0.14、Pt 2.62～12.15、Pd 1.11～3.65和Au 1.24～8.61。该含量明显低于原始地幔，但高于Wedepoh（1995）报导的均匀地壳含量，总体在基性超基性岩PGE含量范畴 之内。那表白碳酸岩具有必然的照顾PGE的才能。
研究区碳酸岩PGE具Ru-Pt型散布法例 （Pt＞Ru＞Pd＞Ir＞Rh），与球粒陨石和原始地幔PGE散布法例 一致（McDonough and Sun，1995）。原始地幔原则 化的PGE配分形式呈Ru、Pt、Pd相对富集和Ir、Rh相对吃亏的“燕子型”（图3-28），与西躲 大竹卡蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩PGE配分形式（喻亨祥等，2000）类似，表示碳酸岩PGE配分形式可能是其源区地幔PGE配分形式的反演。同时认为，深源富CO2流体交代感化原始地幔可能是构成其“燕子型”PGE配分形式的次要因素。以下证据也表白，碳酸岩熔体具有必然照顾PGE的才能，可操纵PGE地球化学来切磋碳酸岩的源区特征和岩浆构成与演化过程：
图3-25 冕宁REE矿床萤石和岩浆岩REE配分形式比照
Fig.3-25 The correlation of REE patterns of fluorites and rocks from the Mianning REE deposit
球粒陨石据Boynton（1984），图中仅示出范畴
图3-26 冕宁REE矿床萤石(87Sr/86Sr)i-(143Nd/144Nd)i图
Fig.3-26 The(87Sr/86Sr)i-(143Nd/144Nd)idiagram of fluorites from the Mianning REE deposit
◇—爱尔兰 Galway 矿床中的萤石（Menuge et al.，1997）；▲—西班牙 Sierra del Guadarrama矿床中的萤石（Galindo et al.，1994）；●—阿根廷Sierras Pampeanas矿床中的萤石（Galindo et al.，1994）；■—印度Amba Dongar矿床中的萤石（Simonetti and Bell，1995）；◆—冕宁REE矿床萤石、碳酸岩和正长岩（△—萤石，□—碳酸岩，○—正长岩）；DMM、HIMU、EM I和EM II据Zindler and Hart（1986）
第一，C、H、O和S是地幔流体的重要构成（刘丛强等，2001），C-H-O-S系统是一种强有力的地幔交代剂，在碳酸岩源区富集地幔和母岩浆构成过程中具有重要地位。Zhou（1989）的尝试成果展现 ，PGE能在C-H-O-S系统中迁徙，其迁徙才能为：COS＞H2S＞CO2＞CO，表白碳酸岩可能具有相对富集PGE的地幔源区，同时也表示碳酸岩熔体具有必然照顾PGE的才能。
第二，碱性-超基性岩常与碳酸岩构成环状杂岩体。在南非Phalaborwa地域Loolecop碱性-超基性岩体的铁磷橄榄岩和碳酸岩中均已发现PGE矿化现象（Rudashevsky等，2001）。俄罗斯研究人员将常与碳酸岩构成环状杂岩体的碱性超基性岩回 进 含PGE建造之列，并已在科拉半岛、阿尔丹地盾和兴凯地块边沿等的碱性-超基性岩体发现了PGE矿物，此中科拉半岛Kovdor碱性-超基性岩体的PGE矿物产于磷磁橄榄岩和碳酸岩中（Ivanikov等，1996；Rudashevsky等，2001）。除南非和俄罗斯外，加拿大、澳大利亚、英国、美国和印度也在开展碳酸岩PGE找矿勘查工做（网上动静）。Rudashevsky等（2001）认为，碳酸岩中的PGE矿物可能是碳酸岩母岩浆演化后期分异出富含PGE硫化物熔体结晶产品，同样表白碳酸岩熔体具有照顾PGE的才能。
图3-27 冕宁REE矿床萤石中的流体—熔融包裹体（10×32）
Fig.3-27 The fluid-melt inclusions in fluorites from the Mianning REE deposit（10×32）
图3-28 冕宁REE矿床碳酸岩PGE配分形式
Fig.3-28 The PGE patterns of carbonatites from the Mianning REE deposit
原始地幔据McDoonough and Sun（1995），碳酸岩样品号未标出，西躲 大竹卡蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩PGE配分形式据喻亨祥等（2000），MORB据Barnes and Picard（1993）
第三，业已证明，富CO2流体交代地幔岩在熔融水平小于1%的情状 下能够间接熔融出碳酸岩熔体。Simonetti等（1998）的研究表白，具碳酸岩-正长岩组合的富CO2碱性硅酸岩岩浆（碳酸岩母岩浆）是地幔部门熔融水平小于5%的产品。地幔中PGE地球化学性量与S的改变 密切 相关，Rehkämper等（1999）的尝试成果表白，本地幔部门熔融水平小于5%时，硫化物没有出熔，PGE 各元素地球化学性量类似，IPGE（Os、Ir、Ru）和PPGE（Rh、Pt、Pd）之间不发作明显分异；当部门熔融大于5%时，硫化物起头出熔，IPGE和PPGE地球化学性量发作改变 ，两组元素之间发作分异。因而，地幔熔融水平小于1%间接熔融出碳酸岩熔体中的PGE配分形式可能是其源区地幔PGE配分形式的反演；而地幔低水平部门熔融（小于5%）构成的富CO2碱性硅酸岩岩浆（碳酸岩母岩浆）中的PGE可能次要受CO2的掌握 。富CO2碱性硅酸岩岩浆（碳酸岩母岩浆）在演化过程中发作液态不混溶感化构成碳酸岩熔体和硅酸盐熔体已被浩瀚现实和尝试材料所证明，目前还没有文献报导PGE在碳酸岩熔体-硅酸盐熔体液态不混溶过程中的分配法例 的尝试研究。Когарко等（1994）的研究表白，在碱性超基性岩-碳酸岩组合中PGE相对在碱性超基性岩中富集，但两类岩石的PGE配分形式类似。对碳酸岩-正长岩组合中PGE的分配法例 还没有现实材料，考虑到正长岩富Si、ALK（Na2O+K2O），贫Fe、Mg和S，倒霉于照顾PGE，因而可认为碳酸岩熔体-正长岩熔体液态不混溶过程中PGE相对富集于碳酸岩熔体中。以上阐发均表白，碳酸岩PGE地球化学能够用来切磋其地幔源区性量和岩浆构成与演化过程。
介绍阿根廷的,英语版的Argentina is a country in southern South America. It ranks second in land area in South America, and eighth in the world.
Argentina occupies a continental surface area of 2,791,810 km² (1,078,000 sq mi) between the Andes mountain range in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south. The country claims the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Under the name of Argentine Antarctica, it claims 969,464 km² (374,312 sq mi) of Antarctica, overlapping other claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom.
The name Argentina derives from the Latin argentum (silver). When the first Spanish conquistadors discovered the Río de la Plata, they named the estuary Mar Dulce ('Sweet Sea', as in a fresh water sea). Indigenous people gave gifts of silver to the survivors of the shipwrecked expedition, who were led by Juan Díaz de Solís. The legend of Sierra del Plata — a mountain rich in silver — reached Spain around 1524, and the name was first seen in print on a Venice map from 1536. The source of the silver was the area where the city of Potosí was to be founded in 1546. An expedition that followed the trail of the silver up the Paraná and Pilcomayo rivers finally reached the source only to find it already claimed by explorers who reached it from Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty.
The name Argentina was first used extensively in Ruy Díaz de Guzmán's 1612 book Historia del descubrimiento, población, y conquista del Río de la Plata (History of the discovery, population, and conquest of the Río de la Plata), naming the territory Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver).[1][2]
The first signs of human presence in Argentina are located in the Patagonia ( Piedra Museo, Santa Cruz), and date from 11,000 BC.[3] Around 1 AD, several corn-based civilizations developed in the western Andean region (Santa María, Huarpes, Diaguitas, Sanavirones, among others). In 1480 the Inca Empire, under the rule of emperor Pachacutec, launched an offensive and conquered present-day northwestern Argentina, integrating it into a region called Collasuyu. In the northeastern area, the Guaraní developed a culture based on yuca and sweet potato. The central and southern areas (Pampas and Patagonia) were dominated by nomadic cultures, unified in the 17th century by the Mapuches.
Buenos Aires in 1536Europeans arrived in 1502. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580; the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in 1776. In 1806 and 1807 the British Empire launched two invasions to Buenos Aires, but the creole population repelled both attempts. On May 25, 1810, after confirmation of the rumors about the overthrow of King Ferdinand VII by Napoleon, citizens of Buenos Aires took advantage of the situation and created the First Government Junta (May Revolution). Formal independence from Spain was declared on July 9, 1816 in Tucumán. In 1817, General José de San Martín crossed the Andes to free Chile and Peru, thus eliminating the Spanish threat. Centralist and federalist groups (Spanish: Unitarios and Federales) were in conflict until national unity was established and the constitution promulgated in 1853.
Foreign investment and immigration from Europe led to the adoption of modern agricultural techniques. In the 1880s, the "Conquest of the Desert" subdued or exterminated the remaining indigenous tribes throughout the southern Pampas and Patagonia.[4]
From 1880 to 1930, Argentina enjoyed increasing prosperity and prominence through an export-led economy, and the population of the country swelled sevenfold. Conservative forces dominated Argentine politics until 1916, when their traditional rivals, the Radicals, won control of the government. The military forced Hipólito Yrigoyen from power in 1930, leading to another decade of Conservative rule. Political change led to the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946, who tried to empower the working class and greatly expanded the number of unionized workers. The Revolución Libertadora of 1955 deposed him.
President Juan Perón (1946)From the 1950s to 1970s, soft military and weak civilian administrations traded power. During those years the economy grew strongly and poverty declined (less than 7% in 1975), but became increasingly protectionist. At the same time political violence continued to escalate. In 1973, Perón returned to the presidency, but he died within a year of assuming power. His third wife Isabel, the Vice President, succeeded him in office, but the military coup of March 24, 1976 removed her from office.
The armed forces took power through a junta in charge of the self-appointed National Reorganization Process until 1983. The military government repressed opposition and terrorist leftist groups using harsh illegal measures (the "Dirty War"); thousands of dissidents "disappeared", while the SIDE cooperated with DINA and other South American intelligence agencies, and with the CIA in Operation Condor. Many of the military leaders that took part in the Dirty War were trained in the U.S.-financed School of the Americas, among them Argentine dictators Leopoldo Galtieri and Roberto Viola. Economic problems, charges of corruption, public revulsion in the face of human rights abuses and, finally, the country's 1982 defeat by the British in the Falklands War discredited the Argentine military regime.
Democracy was restored in 1983. Raúl Alfonsín's Radical government took steps to account for the "disappeared", established civilian control of the armed forces, and consolidated democratic institutions. The members of the three military juntas were prosecuted and sentenced to life terms. Failure to resolve endemic economic problems and an inability to maintain public confidence led to Alfonsín's early departure six months before his term was to be completed.
President Carlos Menem imposed a peso-dollar fixed exchange rate in 1991 to stop hyperinflation and adopted far-reaching market-based policies, dismantling protectionist barriers and business regulations, and implementing a privatization program. These reforms contributed to significant increases in investment and growth with stable prices through most of the 1990s.
Protest against the corralito (2002)The Menem and de la Rúa administrations faced diminished competitiveness of exports, massive imports which damaged national industry and reduced employment, chronic fiscal and trade deficits, and the contagion of several economic crises. The Asian financial crisis in 1998 precipitated an outflow of capital that mushroomed into a recession, and culminated in a financial panic in November of 2001. The next month, amidst bloody riots, President de la Rúa finally resigned.
In two weeks, several presidents followed in quick succession, culminating in Eduardo Duhalde being appointed interim President of Argentina by the Legislative Assembly on 2 January 2002. Argentina defaulted on its international debt obligations. The peso's almost 11-year-old linkage to the U.S. dollar was abandoned, resulting in major depreciation of the peso and a spike in inflation.
With a more competitive and flexible exchange rate, the country started implementing new policies based on re-industrialization, import substitution, increased exports, and consistent fiscal and trade surpluses. By the end of 2002, the economy began to stabilize. In 2003, Néstor Kirchner was elected president. During Kirchner's presidency, Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with a steep discount (about 75 percent) on most bonds, payed off outstanding debts with the International Monetary Fund, renegotiated contracts with utilities, and nationalized some previously privatized industries. Currently, Argentina is enjoying a period of high economic growth and increased political stability.
[edit] Politics
[edit] Government
Congress building in Buenos AiresMain articles on politics and government of Argentina can be found at the Politics and government of Argentina series.
Argentina's political framework is a federal presidential representative democratic republic, in which the President of Argentina is both head of state and head of government, complemented by a pluriform multi-party system. The Argentine Constitution of 1853 mandates a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the national and provincial level.
Executive power resides in the President and his cabinet. The President and Vice President are directly elected to 4-year terms, limited to two consecutive terms, and the cabinet ministers are appointed by the president.
Legislative power is vested in the bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Nación, consisting of a Senate (Senado) of 72 seats, and a Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) of 257 members. Senators serve 6-year terms, with one-third standing for reelection every 2 years. Members of the Chamber of Deputies are directly elected to 4-year term via a system of proportional representation, with half of the members of the lower house being elected every 2 years. A third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women.
The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Argentine Supreme Court of Justice has 9 members who are appointed by the President in consultation with the Senate. The rest of the judges are appointed by the Council of Magistrates of the Nation, a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, the Congress, and the executive. (see also law of Argentina)
[edit] Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Argentina
Argentina is a member of Mercosur, an international bloc which has some legislative supranational functions. Mercosur is composed of five full members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It has five associate members without full voting rights: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Current and Former Presidents of Brazil and Argentina on the 20th anniversary of the Mercosur.Argentina was the only country from Latin America to participate in the 1991 Gulf War under mandate of the United Nations, and in every phase of the Haiti operation. It has also contributed worldwide in peacekeeping operations, including in El Salvador-Honduras-Nicaragua, Guatemala, Ecuador-Peru, Western Sahara, Angola, Kuwait, Cyprus, Croatia, Kosovo, Bosnia and East Timor. In recognition of its contributions to international security, U.S. President Bill Clinton designated Argentina as a major non-NATO ally in January 1998. In 2005, it was elected as a temporary member of the UN Security Council.
In 2005, on November 4 and November 5, the Argentine city of Mar del Plata hosted the Fourth Summit of the Americas. This summit was marked by a number of anti-U.S. protests. As of 2006, Argentina has been emphasizing Mercosur as its first international priority; by contrast, during the 1990s, it relied more heavily on its relationship with the United States.
Argentina has long claimed sovereignty over the Falkland/Malvinas Islands, the South Shetland Islands, the South Sandwich Islands and almost 1 million km² in Antarctica, between the 25°W and the 74°W meridians and the 60°S parallel. This slice of the continent is known as Argentine Antarctica, which Argentina considers part of the national territory. For more than a century, there has been an Argentine presence at the Orcadas Base. Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member of the Antarctic Treaty System.
[edit] Military
The President is the Commander-in-Chief, and the military is under the control of the Defense Ministry. Argentina's military establishement has historically been one of the best equipped in the region (for example, developing its own advanced jet fighters as early as the 1950s),[5] but has faced expenditure cutbacks in comparison to other regional militaries. The age of allowable military service is 18 years; there is no obligatory military service and currently no conscription.
The military is composed of a traditional Army, Navy, and Air Force. Controlled by a separate ministry (the Interior Ministry), Argentine territorial waters are patrolled by the Naval Prefecture, and the border regions by the National Gendarmerie; both branches however maintain liasions with the Defense Ministry. They mostly perform patrols against organized crime, drug smuggling, and rescue operations of civilians in distress. Argentina's Armed Forces are currently performing major operations in Haiti and Cyprus, in accordance to specified UN mandates.
See also: Military of Argentina
[edit] Administrative divisions
Provinces of Argentina. Argentina claims control of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and a slice of Antarctica, both of which it considers a part of its Tierra del Fuego Province (23).Main article: Provinces of Argentina
See also: Governors in Argentina
Argentina is divided into 23 provinces (provincias; singular: provincia), and 1 autonomous city (commonly known as capital federal), marked with an asterisk:
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires*
Buenos Aires (Province)
Catamarca
Chaco
Chubut
Córdoba
Corrientes
Entre Ríos
Formosa
Jujuy
La Pampa
La Rioja
Mendoza
Misiones
Neuquén
Río Negro
Salta
San Juan
San Luis
Santa Cruz
Santa Fe
Santiago del Estero
Tierra del Fuego
Tucumán
* The current official name for the federal district is Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.
Buenos Aires has been the capital of Argentina since its unification, but there have been projects to move the administrative centre elsewhere. During the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín a law was passed ordering the transfer of the federal capital to Viedma, a city in the Patagonian province of Río Negro. Studies were underway when economic problems killed the project in 1989. Though the law was never formally repealed, it has become a mere historical relic, and the project has been forgotten.
Provinces are divided into smaller secondary units called departamentos, or departments. There are 376 departments. The province of Buenos Aires has 134 similar divisions known as partidos. Departamentos and partidos are further subdivided into municipalities or districts.
In descending order by number of inhabitants, the major cities in Argentina are Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza, Tucumán, La Plata, Mar
Sr、Nd同位素表9-3列出冕宁稀土矿床萤石的Sr、Nd同位素构成，萤石的87Rb/86Sr和147Sm/144Nd比值较低，由成矿年龄t=30Ma计算的（87Sr/86Sr）0和（143Nd/144Nd）0与测定的87Sr/86Sr和143Nd/144Nd（现代值）不存在明显的区别 。从该表中可见，5件差别颜色、产于差别矿石类型、差别REE特征萤石的Sr、Nd同位素构成根本一致，其87Sr/86Sr和143Nd/144Nd改变 范畴 别离 0.706031～0.706237和0.512409～0.512437，εSr和εNd也不具明显区别 ，别离 为22.22～25.15和-4.48～-3.65；1件远离矿体萤石（样品号MNP-151）的87Sr/86Sr（0.706084）、143Nd/144Nd（0.512412）、εSr（22.98）和εNd（-4.26）均在矿体萤石响应值改变 范畴 之内。在（87Sr/86Sr）0-（143Nd/144Nd）0图上（图9-10），本区全数萤石样档次于EM1和EM2之间的狭小区域，相对更靠近EM1。那些特征表白矿区萤石具有同源性，与REE地球化学研究所得成果一致。
表9-3 冕宁稀土矿床萤石Sr、Nd同位素构成
注：样品由中国科学院地量与地球物理研究所阐发。
比照前文材料，冕宁稀土矿床萤石的Sr、Nd同位素构成与矿区其他脉石矿物方解石的Sr、Nd同位素构成不具明显区别，如袁忠信等（1995）阐发本区4件方解石的87Sr/86Sr:0.70615～0.70663、143Nd/144Nd:0.512363～0.512413、εSr:23.8～30.6、εNd：-5.0～-4.1,4件重晶石的87Sr/86Sr:0.70625～0.70648、εSr:25.2～28.5,1件重晶石的143Nd/144Nd:0.512404、εNd：-4.2；在（87Sr/86Sr）0-（143Nd/144Nd）0图上（图9-10），三种脉石矿物均位于EM1和EM2之间的狭小区域，相对更靠近EM1。那些特征表示矿区脉石矿物具有同源性。
冕宁稀土矿床萤石（及其他脉石矿物）的Sr、Nd同位素构成也与矿区出露的碳酸岩〔7件样品，（87Sr/86Sr）0:0.706074～0.706149、（143Nd/144Nd）0:0.512385～0.512420、εSr:22.88～23.95、εNd：-4.15～-3.70〕和正长岩〔4件样品，（87Sr/86Sr）0:0.705888～0.706340、（143Nd/144Nd）0:0.512379～0.512419、εSr:21.44～26.12、εNd：-4.25～-3.72〕的Sr、Nd同位素构成根本一致；在（87Sr/86Sr）0－（143Nd/144Nd）0图上（图9-10），本区萤石（及其他脉石矿物）、碳酸岩和正长岩均位于EM1和EM2之间的狭小区域，相对更靠近EM1。表白矿区脉石矿物和碳酸岩、正长岩具有配合来源，与前文所获结论“本区成矿物量和成矿流体次要来源于碳酸岩－正长岩”一致。
图9-10 萤石的（87Sr/86Sr）0-（143Nd/144Nd）0图
◇爱尔兰Galway地域产于花岗岩中的萤石（Menuge et al.,1997），■西班牙Sierra del Guadarrama地域产于花岗岩中的萤石（Galindo et al.,1994），●阿根廷Sierras Pampeanas地域产于花岗岩中的萤石（Galindo et al.,1994），▲印度Amba Dongar地域产于碳酸岩中的萤石（Simonetti and Bell,1996）；本区萤石材料据表9-3，
碳酸岩材料据表7-10，正长岩材料据表7-4；方解石和重晶石材料据袁忠信等（1995）
在（87Sr/86Sr）0-（143Nd/144Nd）0图上（图9-10），矿区萤石明显差别于爱尔兰Gal-way地域（Menuge et al.,1997）、西班牙Sierra del Guadarrama地域（Galindo et al.,1994）和阿根廷Sierras Pampeanas地域产于花岗岩中的萤石（Galindo et al.,1994），也差别于印度Amba Dongar地域产于碳酸岩中的萤石（Simonetti and Bel l,1996）。上述列举地域萤石的Sr同位素构成都位于两个（或两个以上）地量体之间，因而认为其成矿流体为混合流体（Galindo et al.,1994,1997；Simonetti and Bell,1995；Menuge et al.,1997）。如印度Amba Dongar地域产于碳酸岩中的萤石的（87Sr/86Sr）0（0.70910～0.71729）位于矿区碳酸岩和砂岩的（87Sr/86Sr）0之间（别离 为0.70549～0.70628和0.75359～0.78274），Simo-netti and Bell（1995）认为该区成矿流体为源于碳酸岩中的富F流体和地壳流体的混合产品。冕宁稀土矿床中的萤石的Sr同位素构成与区内碳酸岩和正长岩的Sr同位素构成根本一致，而与区内花岗岩的Sr同位素构成（前文）具有明显区别 ，表白其成矿流体可能不是混合流体，而是一种来源于碳酸岩—正长岩的单一流体。此外，Flanlo等（1998）和Simonetti and Bell（1995）的研究成果均表白，假设 萤石成矿流体为源于差别Sr同位素构成的地量体的混合流体，其（87Sr/86Sr）0与1/Sr之间存在明显的线性关系。图9-11展现 ，研究区萤石的（87Sr/86Sr）0与1/Sr之间不存在线性关系，同样证明本区成矿流体没有发作明显的混染现象。
图9-11 萤石的（87Sr/86Sr）0-1/Sr图
大量研究材料表白，碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中能分异出富F流体（Deans and Powell,1968；Gittins,1989；Jago and Git-tins,1991；Simonetti ad Bell,1995），而萤石中的REE次要来源于成矿流体中的REE的F-络合物，因而，萤石的Nd同位素构成可示踪成矿流体中F的来源。在图9-10中，固然本区萤石的（87Sr/86Sr）0与印度Amba Dongar地域产于碳酸岩中的萤石明显差别，但其（143Nd/144Nd）0却与后者类似。Simonetti and Bell（1995）根据 Amba Dongar地域萤石的（143Nd/144Nd）0（0.51240～0.51247）与碳酸岩的（143Nd/144Nd）0（0.51248～0.51253）附近，认为成矿流体中的F次要由碳酸岩供给。因而，笔者认为冕宁稀土矿床成矿流体中的F应次要来源于碳酸岩—正长岩岩浆。
乌拉圭次要河流 西语简介乌拉圭东岸共和国（República Oriental del Uruguay）次要河流乌拉圭河与拉普拉塔河的东岸
乌拉圭河（西班牙语： Río Uruguay, 发音为 /uɾuˈɣwaj/； 葡萄牙语：Rio Uruguai, [uɾuˈgwaj]）是南美洲的一条河流。为拉普拉塔河的收流。自北向南流经巴西、阿根廷和乌拉圭三国。总长约1500公里。乌拉圭河也是巴西与阿根廷及阿根廷与乌拉圭的界河。就长度就算，乌拉圭河是世界第76大河流。
拉普拉塔河（西班牙语：Río de la Plata），现实上是南美洲巴拉那河和乌拉圭河搜集 后构成的一个河口湾，长约320公里。其名在西班牙语中意为“白银之河”。
拉普拉塔河位于南美洲东南部阿根廷和乌拉圭之间，工具长290公里，其宽度从西端两河搜集 处的48公里逐步扩展 至东部与大西洋订交处的220公里，最宽处约达290公里，是世界上最宽的河口。西北段因受大量河水注进 ，为淡水；东南段因海洋影响，为咸水。阿根廷首都布宜诺斯艾利斯位于拉普拉塔河西南岸，乌拉圭首都蒙得维的亚则位于东北岸处。
El Río de la Plata es un estuario del océano Atlántico en América del Sur formado por la unión de los ríos Paraná y Uruguay, que sirve de frontera en todo su recorrido entre la República Argentina y la República Oriental del Uruguay. Por su lado sureste desemboca en el Mar Argentino. Tiene forma de "muesca" triangular de 290 km de largo. La cuenca combinada del Río de la Plata y sus afluentes tiene una superficie de aproximadamente 3.200.000 km². Es considerado por los países ribereños como el río más ancho del mundo.
El Río Uruguay es un río de América del Sur que, junto con el río Paraná y sus afluentes, forma la cuenca del Plata y el estuario Río de la Plata. Nace en la Sierra Geral, en territorio de Brasil, en la confluencia de los ríos Canoas y Pelotas, en el límite entre los estados de Río Grande del Sur y Santa Catarina, y desemboca en el Río de la Plata, en el departamento de Colonia (Uruguay) y la provincia de Entre Ríos en Argentina, en el último tramo en su orilla occidental recibe algunos brazos del Paraná.
Las nacientes del mismo se encuentran a una altura aproximada de 1.800 msnm, aunque en la confluencia del Canoas con el Pelotas el río se encuentra a unos 440 metros de altura. Al principio, sigue la dirección este-oeste, hasta recibir por la margen derecha las aguas del río Pepirí Guazú, momento en el cual empieza a torcer hacia el sudoeste. Desde esa altura, sirve como frontera entre Argentina y Brasil, hasta el punto en el cual recibe las aguas del Cuareim (Quaraí en portugués), afluente desde la margen izquierda que sirve a su vez como frontera entre Brasil y Uruguay.
Después de recibir las aguas del Cuareim, el río continúa su recorrido hacia el sur (al tiempo que constituye la frontera entre Argentina y Uruguay) hasta la localidad de Nueva Palmira, en donde desemboca en el Río de la Plata.
Junto con el Río Paraná, forma la cuenca del Río de la Plata. Hasta ese punto se contabilizan sus 1770 km de extensión, de los cuales 1.262 corresponden al tramo entres sus nacientes y la confluencia con el Quaraí. Los 508 km restantes transcurren enteramente entre tierras uruguayas y argentinas.
你看得懂西语材料么？假设 看不懂再给你翻译吧
除了缅甸，还有哪里出翡翠，操行 又若何？
翡翠次要产地，因为翡翠需要低温高压那种特定的地量前提才气构成，而契合那种地量前提的地区则是又少之又少，因而翡翠的矿物产区也较为匮乏，那也是翡翠价格很高的原因之一。材料展现 ，目宿世界上发现的翡翠产田主要有：缅甸西北部克钦邦的Hpakan-Tawmaw一带的硬玉岩，危地马拉的Motagua谷地的中心 ，美国加利福尼亚州的SanBenito镇的NewIdria蛇纹岩中的硬玉岩，靠近日本的ItoigawaNiigata地域的Kotaki-gawq、Ohmi-gawa和Hime-kawa河流流域的冲击矿床，哈萨克斯坦靠近巴尔喀什湖北部地域Itmurunby山的硬玉岩，俄罗斯的PolarUrals、Pay-Yer地块和WestSayan以及Borus山地域，意大利阿尔卑斯山的西部的PuntaRasciassa地域，古巴的SierradelConvento地域。此中，缅甸为优良翡翠的主产区，占整个翡翠市场的95%。
缅甸
1、缅甸翡翠矿床。缅甸翡翠矿床举世闻名 ，此中缅甸北部的密收那地域富集了大量的优良矿床。缅甸地域出产的矿床也分为原生矿床和次生矿床。原生矿床产于蛇纹石化的橄榄岩内，矿体较大，且深埋于地表之下，并未遭到外力的迁徙和风化。次生矿床开摘 时间早于原生矿床，因为河床的冲积，那些原石的浑圆度较好，玉量较为细腻。缅甸翡翠的八大场区为：龙肯场区、帕敢场区、香洞场区、达木坎场区、会卡场区、后江场区、雷打场区、南其小场场区。那些场区出产的翡翠九成流进 中国市场，是翡翠原石的次要来源。
2、哈萨克斯坦伊特穆隆达翡翠矿床。哈萨克斯坦的伊特穆隆达地域出产的翡翠矿床，与肯捷尔劳蛇纹岩体有关。次要为超基性岩，同时伴随花岗岩类岩石，和细晶岩等。矿体特征次要为浅灰和暗灰色。材料展现 ，该矿区Cr2O3成分含量改变 较大，可能与铬铁矿含量较多有关。废品在国际市场上还未见。
3、俄罗斯翡翠矿床。俄罗斯翡翠矿床次要散布于，乌拉尔列沃-克奇佩利以及西萨彦岭的卡什卡拉克。此中前者的特征 为翠绿色和绿灰色色彩斑块不平均散布，致密块状，显微镜下见柱状变晶构造，矿物定向摆列明显。然后者矿床具有分带性，可分为纯的硬玉岩带、钠长石硬玉带-硬玉钠长石带，以及十分复杂的混合带。研究材料展现 ，俄罗斯翡翠中绿辉石含量较多，对其颜色影响较大。此外，还有铬铁矿的含量也较多，下文还将对标本停止电子探针测试，详尽 阐明 阐述。
4、美国翡翠矿床。美国翡翠矿床产出的矿石未能到达宝石级、因而晓得的人其实不多。美国的翡翠矿床位于加利福尼亚州，出产的矿石仍为超基性岩，并与软玉矿床共生，那在其他矿床中其实不多见。
5、中美洲危地马拉翡翠矿床。西班牙人更先抵达中美洲危地马拉地域，起初被人们当做药物来利用，后期才被做为宝石得到重视。危地马拉出产的翡翠自己颗粒较粗，肉眼可见，同时还还有必然量的方沸石。据材料展现 ，该地域的翡翠矿床含铬较少，黄铁矿较多。
6、日本翡翠矿床。日本的翡翠矿床不在少数，但整体量量误差。固然日本翡翠矿床的产地地量前提与缅甸类似，但其后期遭到的塑性变形和韧性剪切不敷，因而颗粒较粗，玉量不敷细腻，不克不及到达宝石级，也未在翡翠市场上占有一席之地。